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Review Open Access 25 May 2026

Electrospun ZnO Nanofiber Membranes for Photocatalytic Water Treatment: A Comparative Review of Fabrication Strategies

  • Aditya Rianjanu
    Aditya Rianjanu*
    Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
    * Corresponding author
  • Eka Nurfani
    Eka Nurfani
    Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
  • Tarmizi Taher
    Tarmizi Taher
    Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure and Regional Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure and Regional Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia

Abstract

Electrospun ZnO nanofiber membranes are promising candidates for photocatalytic water treatment, offering directional charge transport, high surface-to-volume ratio, and self-standing membrane architectures that enable straightforward catalyst retrieval and reuse, a critical advantage over dispersed semiconductor nanoparticle systems where post-treatment recovery remains a major bottleneck. However, the fabrication route fundamentally determines membrane morphology, mechanical integrity, retrievability, and photocatalytic performance. This review classifies electrospinning-based fabrication into three routes: the Ceramic Membrane Route (precursor/polymer blending followed by calcination), the Hierarchical Membrane Route (secondary ZnO growth on electrospun polymer scaffolds), and the Composite Membrane Route (direct electrospinning of pre-synthesized ZnO/polymer dispersions). The Ceramic Membrane Route yields high-crystallinity membranes with up to 100% pollutant degradation but poor mechanical integrity that hinders membrane retrieval. The Composite Membrane Route provides single-step fabrication with the best demonstrated reusability (10 cycles at 97–99% retention), 200-fold lower zinc leaching, and excellent mechanical robustness for repeated retrieval and deployment, positioning it as one of the more operationally mature options for near-term deployment. The Hierarchical Membrane Route delivers the highest surface area, the fastest degradation kinetics, and uniquely combines photocatalysis with membrane filtration in a single device, making it a particularly promising long-term direction once its multi-step processing is streamlined and continuous-flow scale-up is realized. This comparative framework guides the selection of fabrication strategy based on membrane retrievability, performance, and development-stage requirements.

Keywords

ZnO nanofiber membrane electrospinning photocatalytic membrane water treatment catalyst recovery membrane reusability

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Cite this: Greensusmater. 2026, 3, 1, 03
Publication History
  • Received: April 10, 2026
  • Accepted: May 5, 2026
  • Published: May 25, 2026
DOI: 10.62755/gsm.2026.03
Copyright © 2026 | The Authors. This publication is licensed under CC-BY 4.0. Published by Green and Sustainable Materials Society.
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